Responsibility for Eva Smiths Death :: An Inspector Calls J.B. Priestly Essays

Responsibility for Eva Smiths DeathAn Inspector Calls by J.B Priestly, a play, which was first, performedin 1945. The play was set in 1912 originally World War I. The playcentres around the wealthy Birling family. A visit from a mysteriousInspector Goole becomes a horrifying experience for the Birlings, asthey learn that they hurt all played a part in the suicide of a younggirl called Eva Smith. She died by swallowing some strong disinfectedin an infirmary. Priestleys main aim was to encourage people to takeresponsibility for their actions, not to shift the blame on to others.Although each member of the Birling family and Gerald Croft have hadcontact with Eva Smith, none of them were aware of the othersinvolvement in the tragedy until the day of the inspectors visit. Hemakes each of them aware of the part they had played that rent to hertragic end. The characters each reacted differently to the news andthe degree of responsibility contributing to the death varied betweenthem. They all through their selfishness had shown to contribute toEva Smiths decision to shovel in herself.We must remember it wasnt a crime. No one should be held responsible.Its a moral issue. It was not only people that contributed to EvaSmiths death but her plaza in the world and the way in which herlife worked out.Mr Birling, a wealthy capitalist man, and a rather portentious man,was the first soul to be investigated. Mr.Birling didnt care aboutany of his workers, and didnt know them at all, as he says proudly,I have a couple of hundred workers under me, who keep changing. This distinctly showed that there was no personal or business relationshipwith Eva Smith.Mr. Birling told the Inspector that all the workers had just returnedfrom holiday and had become very restless. They demanded for a behaverise or would go on strike. She was making trouble as Mr Birling said,She had a lot to say, far too much so she had to go. Personally, Idont believe that Mr Birling did anything wrong toward s Eva Smith. Heonly had sacked her from his factory because she had started to causetrouble by demanding higher wages. Anyone in his position would havedone the same.Though Mr Birling may sound innocent there is much to judge of hischaracter. He seems to be a very strenuous man, and shows no regret fordismissing Eva Smith, despite knowing, that if he had sacked her shemay still have been alive. The effect of dismissing Eva Smith from her

Essay on Chaucers Canterbury Tales - Greed in the Pardoner’s Tale

The excusers Greed The pardoner, in Geoffrey Chaucers The Pardoners Tale, is a devious character. He is a man with a great knowledge of the Catholic Church and a great love of God. However, disdain the fact that he is someone whom is looked at with respect at the time, the pardoner is nothing more than an imposter who makes his living by fooling people into mentation he forgives their sins, and in exchange for pardons, he takes their money. His sermon-like stories and false relics fool the people of the towns he visits and make him seem as a plausible man, which is exactly what the pardoner wants. In fact, the pardoner is an avaricious and deceitful character whose driving force in support is his motto, al-Qaida malorum est cupiditas, which is Latin for greed is the root of evil. The pardoners entire practice is based upon his motto and is motivated entirely by greed. The pardoner is supposed to forgive sins, however, he views his position as a lineation to make money and turns it into a fraud. His excellent speaking skills allow him to turn this profession into a scam. He attracts the people with his storytelling and his sermons, which are pleasing to them, By God, I hope I shal yow telle a thyng / That shal by reson been at youre liking, (457-58). One example of a sermon about his motto is the tale of the three rioters. This tale gives an ironic explanation related to the rioters deaths, due to greed and the pardoners practice of his profession, which is also driven by greed (Rossignol, 267). He tells the people what they would like to hear, so that he may pull them into his trap and later cheat them out of their money. His technique to fooling people is to preach on the subject of Radix malorum est c... ...iving. The pardoner submits himself to his theme of Radix malorum est cupiditas. His theme becomes a reality and he allows avarice to take control his life. Just as Jesus lived life living into eternal life, the pardoner lives his life dying into eternal death by committing his avaricious acts and deceiving people in the name of God. Works Cited Brewer, Derek. The Canterbury Tales. An Introduction to Chaucer. New York Longman Inc., 1984 Hussey, S. S. The Canterbury Tales II. Chaucer An Introduction. New York Methuen & Co., 1981 Pichaske, David R. Pardoners Tale. The forepart of the Canterbury Tales Chaucers Literary Pilgrimage. New York Norwood Editions, 1977 Rossignol, Rosalyn. The Pardoners Tale. Chaucer A to Z The Essential Reference to His Life and Works. New York Facts On File, Inc., 1999

Addendum to Independent Study in Sound Design and Sound System Component Operation :: essays research papers

Addendum to Independent excogitate in Sound propose and Sound System Component Operation     This past year (2000) I have been working in the sound booth for The John Lyman Center for the acting Arts. Here at the John Lyman Center (JLC) we have been going through a time of transition. The former resident technical guru who had taken care of JLCs happenings had retired, passing the JLC in a semi chaotic state. The dance school season was just about to start which happens to be our busiest time of the year. The administrative staff present at the JLC was franticly trying to find a replacement while interim Chris Hudacs fought his was through the perilous dance school season.      Fin every(prenominal)y, when every the hullabaloo was over David Starkey, formally serving as Technical Director of the Theatre Department at Southern Ct. State Univ. was named the new title of Events Manager. When David was still working in the arena department I had approached him when it was pointed out that there was no one person on staff who knew how to fully operate the sound system. The idea I had set about up with was to design an independent study which would allow me to be in the sound booth and empirically discover how to operate the sound system and all of its support components. He agreed that it was a good idea because Greg had never explained anything but remedial board operation. Since I first started working at the JLC I had wanted to work on the sound system, now I was being given the chance. The independent study was written up as followsIndependent Study in Sound Design and Sound System Component operationObjectives-To demonstrate competence in properly operating the sound system and all its individual components in Lyman Auditorium. Which includes but is not limited to the following     Sound board     Tape impostor     DAT player     Min i disk player     Compact disk recorder     Compact disk player     Digital effects processors     Patch bay     Wireless microphones     Digital synthesizer-By the 8th hebdomad be prepared to work with the head sound designer in developing a sound design for the crescent players fall production of "lead penny opera". The sound design should incorporate as many of the listed devices as possible to ensure that a high quality production is obtained.     The learn process I have been going through has included help from many people. I would sit and pick the brain of every sound railroad engineer that came through here. Finding out what you did with an Omni Drive or how to use the feedback detector and the graphic equalizer to get rid of feedback.

Color of America :: essays research papers

Color of the States Essay 1.) During the last few centuries many people arrest migrated to America. One of the main reasons for that is that they all hear about the American hallucination and the Promise of America. The American Dream/Promise of America is pretty very much a false idea. quite a little from many different places hear that there is freedom and fairness here in this nation, and they hear that there is opportunity in America for everyone and that everyone had a word in things. This promise wasnt really a promise though. For Native Americans, African-Americans, and other groupsthis promise has been brokenmostly beca practice session the American Dream is obtainablebut very difficult to achieve. Lets take African-Americans for example. African-Americans obviously have a very large difference compared to most others in the world. They are black. People seemed to have a difficult time accepting this and because the farmers and people working on plantations with slaves a ll got their slaves mainly from Africa and the blacks were chosen to be employ by them to do all of their work. This made the blacks immediately a lower class of people and before they knew it they were getting pushed to the back of the bus and not allowed to use the same bathrooms or water fountains as white people. 2,) Today American life is equal a tossed salad. When people starting migrating to America many historic period ago, this region was known as a melting pot. Meaning that everyone just pretty much blended in with each other. This became a problem though. People didnt always mix very well, as they all had come from different cultures and had many cultural differences and also just many different lifestyles. If this country were a melting pot with immigrants from all over bringing over their culture, this country would be very difficult to live in. You could have people like the bushmen living right next door to upper class Americans that just dont want people who walk around pretty much nude right next to them. That then has people of different groups striving for their cultural identity to be shown because they arent fitting into the Eurocentric ideal of an American culture. Saying that this country is like a tossed salad though is a lot different and a lot more realistic. This is saying that like vegetables in a salad, ethnic groups are being able to maintain their own identities while they can still participate in the culture of Americans.

Who’s Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance

Whos Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance is a comprehensive try written by Lee Humphrys looking into the effects of using loving networking sites. Humphreys takes on the task of looking into many different issues over the course of this adept year study. Lee Humphreys research looks into whether users get hold safe and secure while using the site, and what they find to be strengths and weaknesses of the network. He hopes to understand to whom the shared information is difference to and if those sharing the information know their true audience. Finally, Lee Humphrys also wishes to check the percentages of who is contributing and who is just surveying or stalking on the network. With this, Mr. Humphreys also looks to see what kinds of contributions and what types of surveillance are being used with Dodgeball. This particular study looks at a previously existing network called Dodgeball. Dodgeball was created in 2000 and utilized in 22 cities ar ound the United States. The tender network only lasted nine years before it was shut down. It was a popular concept though and so a nonher(prenominal) networks like it were started such as FourSquare and Google Latitude. This network is similar to the previously mentioned sites because users can report their whereabouts to friends within their connections circle. Dodgeball is one of the first of its kind in social networking as it worked by using text messaging rather than GPS. During his yearlong study Humphreys utilizes interpersonal interviewing to gather his information. He holds comprehensive interviews with users of Dodgeball to gain insight on his different concerns. He gains his target study group of 21 users from the Dodgeball founder, Dennis Crowley. ... ...allow them to look back on the tangible happenings of their life. All in all I feel this study is very relevant to our world and especially communication and journalism professionals since social networkin g has become personal and business oriented. Many newspapers release their stories on social networking sites before they can hit paper and communication professionals will use social networks to make public announcements quickly and to a large audience. With this these professionals must not just know how to use the networks but also how and why they work the way they do. It also would help, in addition, to know how consumers feel about their privacy and who is ceremony them.Work CitedHumphrys, Lee. Whos Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillancehttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01570.x/abstract

Who’s Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillance

Whos Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and management is a comprehensive essay written by Lee Humphrys looking into the effects of using social networking sites. Humphreys takes on the task of looking into many distinguishable issues over the course of this one year study. Lee Humphreys research looks into whether users belief safe and secure while using the site, and what they find to be strengths and weaknesses of the network. He hopes to ascertain to whom the shared information is going to and if those sharing the information know their true audience. Finally, Lee Humphrys also wishes to see the percentages of who is contributing and who is just surveying or walk on the network. With this, Mr. Humphreys also looks to see what kinds of contributions and what types of surveillance are being used with Dodgeball. This particular study looks at a previously existing network called Dodgeball. Dodgeball was created in 2000 and utilized in 22 cities around the U nited States. The social network only lasted nine years before it was shut down. It was a popular model though and so other networks like it were started such as FourSquare and Google Latitude. This network is similar to the previously mentioned sites because users can report their whereabouts to friends within their connections circle. Dodgeball is one of the root of its kind in social networking as it worked by using text messaging rather than GPS. During his yearlong study Humphreys utilizes interpersonal interviewing to gather his information. He holds comprehensive interviews with users of Dodgeball to gain insight on his different concerns. He gains his target study group of 21 users from the Dodgeball founder, Dennis Crowley. ... ...allow them to look back on the tangible happenings of their life. All in all I feel this study is very relevant to our world and especially communication and journalism professionals since social networking has become personal and bu siness oriented. many newspapers release their stories on social networking sites before they can hit paper and communication professionals will use social networks to make public announcements quickly and to a large audience. With this these professionals must not just know how to use the networks but also how and why they work the way they do. It also would help, in addition, to know how consumers feel about their privacy and who is watching them.Work CitedHumphrys, Lee. Whos Watching Whom? A Study of Interactive Technology and Surveillancehttp//onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2011.01570.x/abstract

Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways

proficient Environment analytic thinking of mainland China peaceable Airways Technological factors include forces that create new technologies, creating new product and market opportunities. It is based on considerations as to whether the local market has sufficiently developed technologies to take total advantage of the product. It should be noted that high technologies are required to make full using up of the variety of promotional methods using alternative advertising media such as television or websites. 3 1) Information Technology of chinaware Pacific 4Cathay Pacific has devoted to technological advancement all the time. By e-business, Cathay Pacific is using information technology to remedy communications with customers, passengers, business partners and staff. It also offers online ticketing, check-in, and online flight schedule, which deliver the updated flight information to customers via email or on their mobile phones. Therefore, the information technology enhanc es working efficiency and the customers can enjoy flexible and accepted services.Besides, certain electronic devices must not be utilise on the aircraft at any time such as Bluetooth, Wi-Fi and remote controlled products but now customers can use mobile data on the plane, which is called eXConnect. 4 It provides limited network service to costumers. Moreover, its in-flight entertainment system offers video channels, audios, games and reading materials on demand system for First and Business class passengers. Cathay Pacific is exclusively showing popular Cantonese television drama series onboard from last year.It can attract new customers onto the plane to try the entertainment system onboard. The series, produced by leading local TV station Television Broadcasts Limited (TVB), further enhance the entertainment selection available for passengers. To conclude, the information technology can improve internal and external communications, raise revenue, cut service costs and improve th e quality of services. 2) Technological advancement on weather forecasting Weather channel is one of the reasons that lead to increase costs of Cathay Pacific.It may causes damage of the fleet and waste of fuel because of the unpredictable climate change. Nowadays, air ducts could move flight multiplication to avoid storms since the technology of in-flight weather forecasting is surviveting more accurate continuously. The improvement of radar and other weather-sensing technology complements become more accuracy so before. Not only for 7-day weather forecasting, it can even sense that there is an airstream instantaneously. Therefore, the pilots can adjust the route of the airline to avoid unnecessary damage, and severalize the passengers that it is unhazardous on their trip. ) Energy Use of Cathay Pacific Energy uses is one of the technological factors. Cathay Pacific is committed to promoting environmental protection and hold in carbon emissions by investing in technology. No wadays, the fleet of Cathay Pacific is fuel-efficient but flying unavoidably release carbon dioxide or other babys room gases into the atmosphere. Cathay Pacific has participated in a voluntary programme called Fly Greener. 5 Passengers who want to take part in this programme may use cash to buy offset the carbon emissions of their flight.The online calculator will calculate the quantity of carbon emission is released by the passengers trip. The passenger can decide to founder for one flight only or make a lump sum contribution. It shows that Cathay Pacific obey the polluter pays principle to support environmental production. Moreover, those payments by passengers will be dedicated to Fly Greener for the improvement of the local environment. Although it raises the cost for limiting carbon emissions, it can show its good image to public. 4) unwarranted managementSince Cathay Pacific is committed to promoting environment protection, solid waste management and disposal is one of the most significant issues in the environmental management of the airline industry. Some of wastes come from in-flight catering service. However, Cathay Pacific is trying to do recycling and removal of waste management. For example, aluminum foils can be collected during provender cart washing for recycling some of the feed waste would pass to the waste disposal factory to reprocess for animal feeds. ) Promotion Cathay Pacific makes use of hi-tech promotional method by moving its inflight magazine from prints to pixels. 6 The monthly Discovery magazine is available as an iPad app and everyone can transfer it from Apples iTunes Store for free. Such an app features the same content as the print edition, and it also includes embedded videos, high-resolution images. Those customers of Cathay Pacific can get the newsstands from their tablets and the content of magazine will automatically update each month.The customers are allowed to download the magazine onto their tablet to read in-fl ight. Conclusion of Technological Environment Analysis of Cathay Pacific Airways Some of technological factors are beneficial to the development of Cathay Pacific even it costs a large amount of expenditure. Cathay Pacific has made use of the technological factors on such aspects that include communication, weather forecasting, energy use, waste management and promotion. For communication, the information system is flexible and reliable in Cathay Pacific.It is effective to enhance the interaction between the customers and the company. The customers can get the information and check their schedule conveniently. Moreover, Cathay Pacific provides a safe and comfortable trip for each flight. The accuracy of in-flight weather forecasting is keep improving. Cathay Pacific takes environmental and social responsibilities seriously. Limiting the emissions of greenhouse gas, recycling and reprocessing of food waste are its daily tasks. Moreover, it takes part in a long-term campaign called Fl y Greener to support environmental protection.Technological environment changes might bring twain positive and negative impact to the company. It alerts strategic managers to impending challenges and promising opportunities. The key to beneficial forecasting of technological advancement lies in accurately predicting future technological capabilities and their probable impacts. 2 Therefore, the technological factors that Cathay Pacific adopted bring opportunities and threats to the company. The entire operations of Cathay Pacific can run efficiently by adopting technological factors.

Working Adolescents

Whether an adolescent should be work during their high school years or not, angiotensin-converting enzyme cannot be commanding with hiss answer. These question can be best answered when one looks at its advantages and disadvantages, their workplace, nature of the job and number of hours should also be considered.I do believe there is a place for it provided that the workplace is owned by the family. Exposing an adolescent to the nature of their own business, which in the later he has no choice but to be while of it, is of great advantage. This is considering that in the early age he will be learning the mechanics, and system of the business which will prepare him for the future.Though the problem would be, macrocosm a family member the tendency to over familiarity is unavoidable, and the person can be a subject to exploitation in terms of quantify, and may also be to mental harassment, through insults and words of impatience, just like in the outside workplace when in the mids t, crisis will arise employers tend to hurl insults. Tendency to abuses is authencetically existing elsewhereInevitably the high school years are crucial to the social and emotional development of both boys and girls. Although there are benefits one can earn when working(a) while adolescent, such that it provides lessons about responsibility, punctuality, to some degree independence, interacting with the public, and the list goes on, and for sure finances. (Moskowitz, 2000).However, Fineran (2002) reported that a study was conducted and results described adolescents experiencing with knowledgeable harassment while working part time and attending high school. In a sample of 712 high school students, 25% of the 372 students while working part-time report experiencing sexual harassment.And effects of sexual harassment during a first job showed may also negatively scratch a chelas ego-esteem, and self confidence, anger, irritability, social isolation helplessness and anxiety, depr ession, tension, and nervousness (Fitgerald,1933), Gutek and Koss(1993) proposed a posttraumatic stress disorder model for understanding the mental health consequences of sexual harassment.(Moskowitz, 2000) also added that it would also affect the adolescents identity formation in addition to placing him or her in physical danger of assault and trauma. Results revealed that there are difference in the experience of sexual harassment by gender, work relation, and emotional reaction.Fineran (2002) furthermore reported that girls are significantly more upset and threatened by the sexual harassment they see at work than boys.The same report mentioned that mental harassment also occurs when they are insulted by their supervisors, coworkers and customers. Looking to these, both are detrimental to the development of adolescence to bighood. A negative impact has somehow embedded in them.In an obligate entitled Adolescent in the Workplace, stated that indeed working has been shown to be a ssociated with both decreed and negative consequences for adolescents. Working may increase responsibility, self-esteem, and independence and may help baby birdren and adolescents learn valuable work skills.Employment that is limited in intensity (usually be as 20 hours or less per week) during high school years has been found to promote postsecondary educational attainment. Many studies show positive links between working during high school and subsequent vocational outcomes, including less unemployment, a longer duration of employment after completing schooling, and higher earnings.However, high-intensity work (usually defined as more than 20 hours per week) is associated with unhealthy and problem behaviors, including substance abuse and minor deviance, insufficient sleep and exercise, and limited time spent with families.Furthermore, children and adolescents may be heart-to-heart to many work-related hazards that can result in injury, illness, or death. Their inexperience, a s well as physical, cognitive, and emotional developmental characteristics, may also play a part in the risk of injury faced by young workers.Injury may also result from a physical mismatch between the size of the child or adolescent and the task for example, machinery that was designed for adult males may be too large or heavy for children or adolescents to handle safely.According to NIOSH the most earthy types of injuries and illness are sprains and strains, cuts and lacerations, contusions and abrasions, heat burns, and fractures and dislocations. R. Belville, S. H. Pollack, J. H. Godbold and P. J.Landrigan concluded that occupational injuries are substantial and under recognized contributor to the continuing epidemic of injury among adolescent.Besides Rosalie Bakken in her article entitles Ups and Downs mentioned that although it is widely believed that having a job builds character in young people, it can also provide opportunities for youth to learn specific job skills, save silver for college, develop trusting and healthy relationships with non-family adults, and experience feelings of reward and intellectual stimulation.But the same studies showed that employment does not necessarily lead to healthy social or honourable development. This is especially true when a young persons very first experience in the work force involves stress, long hours, and menial tasks.Most jobs held by youth do not provide many opportunities for youth to think creatively or to solve challenging problems or make supreme decisions. In addition, research has shown that earning an independent income does not mean that youth are learning to use their money wisely. In fact, their personal income may provide working adolescents with greater opportunities to purchase alcohol, drugs or cigarettes.Rosalie Bakken also cited that a notable characteristic of working adolescents is that they move in and out of the application market, changing jobs and work schedules frequently, in res ponse to changes in employers needs, labor market conditions, and circumstances in their own lives.This to some degree makes them very unstable and unstructured, leading to very unorganized life, without routines in schedule and activities. Looking for another(prenominal) job, to cope with loses financially, has added to the tensions and pressures in schools and even in this area of his life -working as adolescent.Considering that an adolescent needs to do good in his studies and at the same time be working for several hours, in addition to his load in school means a lot of pressure to an adolescent.And may therefore throw out of kilter him from his studies and his focus will be divided, which is to the advantage both to him, and the teacher who will be relating with him in all his academic requirements. In fact it was also shown that a high level of work during adolescence has been found to be associated with decreased eventual educational attainment.Although on sessions where the teachers discuss on social awareness, the teacher may jazz interacting with him, considering his exposure in the workplace.For the parents, the fact that they are relieve in some sense in supporting to their adolescence, their sense of dignity as a provider also diminishes, and since the child spends time outside in school added with the time in work lessen their time together. This is of very great disadvantage, the fact that the child should be learning and be influenced a lot from their parents at this age, instead they got it from the workplace.However, in the midst of working institutions so much abuses and harassment are discharge on, which I would say not an advantage for an adolescent to work.If working is the only solution that an adolescent can enter and sustain his way to high school, then I believe he should. Though it really means a lot of difficulties. When he dares to, as much as possible things should be defined and determine carefully.The determining factors are the type of job an adolescent takes, and the number of hours worked. The job should be meaningful to the teen in some genuine way, and it should not interfere with time needed for schoolwork or family interaction. Teenagers needs for adequate nutrition, exercise and rest should not be compromised by a job. (Bakken, 2001)Teens should look for a job that will be challenging, interesting, and that will provide them with opportunities to use the skills they have and learn new ones. The job atmosphere should be supervised by an adult and should allow the adolescent to come into frequent contact with healthy adult role models. (Mortimer et al, 1996)Finally, working adolescents should not also relate with their parents their work experiences, allow the to manage any changes in their grades, attitudes, or behaviors.BIBLIOGRAPHYBakken, Rebecca, Ph.D. 2001. Adolescents at Work. From the Ups and Downs of Adolescents A Newsletter about and for Young People, Parents and Concerned Adults.http//w ww.ianr.unl.edu/ianr/fcs/upsdowns/upsaug01.htm

Comparative Public Administration Essay

Comparative Public judicial body Historical and sociological factors affecting administrative systems g overnment and governing in antithetic countries Current status of Comparative Public Administration Ecology and administration Riggsian models and their critique. ________________________________________________________________________Click on JOIN THIS SITE to bring on instant updates on new posts on this blog. And overly for INTERACTIONS AND DISCUSSIONS regarding this blogs posts JOIN ITS FACEBOOK COMMUNITY/GROUP that is mentioned on the right hand side of this page. ________________________________________________________________________comparative degree PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION DEFINITIONComparative public administration is defined as the study of administrative systems in a comparative fashion or the study of public administration in other countries.Another definition for comparative public administration is the quest for patterns and regularities in administrative ac tion and behavior. It looks to testify the effectiveness of the Classical Theorists (Fayol,Taylor,Urwick,etc) Principles of Administration effectiveness on a universal take(different political and administrative scoreups in developing and developed countries and their ecology) as hygienic as develop a comparative theory of Public Administration.It is a in truth signifi thunder mugt argona of study in Public Administration as it helps in substantiateing Administrative plentyups and their functioning in diverse settings and societies/countries and what works and wherefore it works. Also,it helps improvise administrative systems making them more efficient together with helping in adding and improvising the already existing literature/theories of Public Administration thusly leading to a strong and practical theory of the make outject with the help of practical experiments and analysis.comparative degree PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION EVOLUTION A BACKDROPEven though comparative stu dies in administration date back to Aristotlian meters where he displace scholars to different parts of world to study their political systems,Comparative Public Administration started off as a topic of interest post the Wilson(called the 1st comparativist) screen in 1884where he very rightly verbalize that in order to know our own countrys administrative weaknesses and virtues we need to compare with others. And,he showd that administration is the best and most safe prospect of comparative studies as administrative techniques and procedures are similar almost everywhere and in fact we can learn a lot by comparing.However,it was not taken so seriously due to the the emphasis on conceptualising and structuring as well as specify Public Administration at that time was the top priority. The theorists and administrators as well as governments were busy understanding their own administrative setup before they could set off on a comparison with others. So, while this was being conte mplated the First World War erupted and with its end and the establishment of the League Of Nations thither came about a lot of questions regarding the need to understand the needs of the countries who were not so developed because many of them came under the British colonialism as well as other imperialistic countries in order to keep back these and draw maximum benefit.This comparative study similarlyk a philosophical turn during the course of the second world war and its airstream when there came the end of imperialism and colonialism and emergence of many independent states, a joint initiative by the developed countries under the United Nations(formerly called The League Of Nations) aegis to freshen the developing an third world countries as well as to develop their own war damaged national economies. And lets not forget the starting time of frore War amid the cardinal superpowers USA and Soviet Union which compete a big part in this movement where two looked to hegemo nise the world politics and economy.USA took the lead here in administrative studies and also in providing financial as well as technical help to the developing nations in order to increase their market share and also to curb communism that was a product of the Soviet Union.The USA was the hub of these studies since the Western countries lacked the institutional and administrative capacities to accomplish their developmentplans post world war 2.the government,United Nations and versatile private institutions as well as corporates sponsored varied technical assistance programmes that enabled the public administrators,lecturers of public administration and professionals to study the same in depth as well as travel abroad and gather hands on experience and build a universal comparative theory of Public Administration. Notable in these efforts were that of the American Society For Public Administration(ASPA) & American Political Science Association( APSA).The first organisation formal ly formed to formulate a universal comparative theory of public administration was the Comparative Administration Group(CAG) in 1960 that was a division of the ASPA , funded by the ford foundation to study methods for improving public administration in developing countries under the chairmanship of Fred W. Riggs. More than providing administrative techniques this group became a forum for intellectuals to understand why the developing countries differ so much in practise of administration and are not able to sustain the classical theory rationales of administration in their systems even though Classical theorists of administration handle Fayol & Weber , etc preached that their principles and models of administration were universal in their element and can be applied anywhere with superlative success.CAG gave the idea of scientific studies and emphasised on empirical and ecological(social,cultural and historic factors) study of unlike administrative systems. Even though the CAG h ad to shut shop in the wee 70s since various administrators and academicians reallyised that due to the juicyly complex setting which the group had provided for comparative Public Administration studies was resulting in failures in providing sincerely empirical assessment of administration factors in a cabaret. They verbalize that it provided a very good direction scarce the techniques were not being specified to operate the idea. And so the studies was transferred back to the Department of Comparative Studies.Also in 1968, the first Minnowbrook Conference was held under the chairmanship of Dwight Waldo that also talked about the need for ComparativePublic Administration study and analysis. Now we leave behind discuss in detail.APPROACHES TO THE STUDY OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1) Ideal or Bureaucratic Approach Bureaucratic particularizedations are studied for reaching conclusions and developing understanding. Under this mount structures of organisations are cr umpled in terms of their horizontal differentiation,vertical differentiation,span of control,etc. Procedures and rules are analysed and the framework of functioning is determined. Job specifications and descriptions at various nodes are analysed and some understanding is reached on the basis of elaborateness and degree of specialisation compared in regards to different administrative systems.The limitations of this approach is that though it has been considered simple but it does not explain the structures and their functions in participation and gives a very general observation.2) Structural Functional Approach It is considered as a very popular approach for comparing various administrative systems and was implemented by Fred W. Riggs in his study for developing his Models of conjunction/ surroundings/ecology which will be discussed later in this article. This approach analyses society in terms of its various structures and their functions for reaching an understanding regardin g their positioning and functioning. Structures here can refer to govt.(political arrangement) and abstract like values systems in society. Function is seen as the discharge of duties by these structures in the society.The limitation of this approach is that there has to be a correct identification of the structures before proceeding to analyse them especially in agraria-transitia and f utilise-prismatic societies.3) Ecological Approach Devised by Riggs this approach states that structures and their functions exist in an inter dependant manner. So if a study is to be undertaken of a particular structure and its function then its effects on other systems and their functions of society are also to be analysed. Limitations is that this approach is highly complex and concentrated to apply.HISTORICAL AND SOCIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS If one notices carefully then it is clearly evident that historical events importanttain led to the invention of many administrat ive practises. Though there are aplenty,however,some examples are cited below. 1) English Administrative system England does not possess a written constitution mainly because it was a monarchy public there and the people lived there through conventions and traditions going on from time immemorial.2) Indian Administrative system Reservations are made as Indian society is very diverse in matters of social as well as stinting status,etc after a lot of historical events like B.R aAmbedkar and his policies as well as the British division of Hindu and Muslims and other minorities in separate electorate system,etc. in that location are various social laws in India that are made from society like panchayats,etc. Tribal welfare is given special attention in India due to existence of tribals in the society. human racey offices(bureaucratic,political,economical,etc) are remnants of British legacy like the office of the collector,police dept,civil services,etc. Revenue administration here is a modern version inspired by historic Mughal ones.3) USA Administrative system Many historical and sociological factors have also shaped the American system. A few of them cited are the polished war that lead to providing African American slaves were given the appellation of citizens and right to vote. Also the second civil rights movement that occurred under the aegis of Martin Luther King Jr. leading to elimination of segregation and racial discrimination between down in the mouth and white Americans.4) France Administrative system Arrangement of Droit Administration could be seen associated with the approach and functioning of Napoleon Bonaparte who set the table for a change administration as an efficient administration.The storming of Bastille incident which was fuelled by economic crisis lead to the overthrow of monarchy there to republican system and led to the establishment of Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen that lead to the first step of Frances consti tution framing.ADMINISTRATION AND POLITICS IN DIFFERENT COUNTRIES1) USA The USA have a federal republican form of government where President is the national as well as executive director head. There is a separate constitution(which bears allegiance to the federal constitution of 1787) as well as citizenship for every state and they are all bound together in a federation,thus all working as a satisfying with their autonomy intact. The composing of US specifies the subjects listed for the national/federal and the ones reserved for the States and also the residuary powers lie with the states only.There are three level of governments national or federal,state and local(counties,townships,cities,etc). disengagement of powers between the legislature,executive and judiciary is an important aspect.The Senate (Upper House) and House of Representatives(Lower house) comprise the congress/legislature of the country. There is no specificity in the constitution regarding the administrative s ystem but it does state that the President can from time to time as and when necessary get advise from the principal officers of the various departments regarding his duty as the chief executive of those departments. There are thirteen departments in the administration that come under the direct control of the president. The President however does not possess the authority to change/ order his cabinet as that power lies with the Congress.Civil services in USA are also done on chastity through competitive exams and also at times there are some political appointees too who are chosen by the president for their extraordinary achievement in a particular field suitable to the job. Some departments are headed by individuals whereas some are headed by Boards and Commissions.2) UK It is a constitutional and hereditary monarchy. In practise it is a Parliamentary democracy. The Monarch is the head and performs functions akin to the President of India. Legislature is supreme and is bicameral viz. House of Lords(upper house) and House of Commons(lower house). Executive is headed by the political executive that is the Prime Minister and his cabinet that consist of ministries staffed by civil servants under ministers. Boards and commissions are formed to operate and regulate various industries andservices. Judiciary is independent.The House of Lords is the highest dally of appeal for civil cases and some criminal cases.The Senior Courts of England and Wales were pilot filmly created by the Judicature Acts as the Supreme Court of Judicature. It was renamed the Supreme Court of England and Wales in 1981, and again to the Senior Courts of England and Wales by the Constitutional Reform Act 2005. It consists of the following acts * Court of Appeal- Deals only with appeals from other chat ups or tribunals. The Court of Appeal consists of two divisions the Civil Division hears appeals from the High Court and County Court and certain superior tribunals, while the Criminal Divi sion whitethorn only hear appeals from the acme Court affiliated with a trial on indictment (i.e., for a serious offence). Its decisions are binding on all courts, including itself, apart from the Supreme Court.* High Court of referee The High Court of Justice functions, both as a civil court of first instance and a criminal and civil appellate court for cases from the subordinate courts. It consists of three divisions the Queens Bench, the Chancery and the Family divisions. The divisions of the High Court are not separate courts, but have somewhat separate procedures and practises adapted to their purposes. Although particular kinds of cases will be assigned to each division depending on their subject matter, each division may exercise the jurisdiction of the High Court. However, beginning proceedings in the wrong division may result in a costs penalty.* Crown Court- is a criminal court of both original and appellate jurisdiction which in addition handles a limited amount of c ivil business both at first instance and on appeal.The Crown Court is the only court in England and Wales that has the jurisdiction to try cases on indictment and when exercising such a employment it is a superior court in that its judgements cannot be reviewed by the Administrative Court of the Queens Bench Division of the High Court. The Crown Court is an inferior court in respect of the other work it undertakes, viz. inter alia, appeals from the Magistrates courts and other tribunals. The Lord Chancellor and Home Secy administrate the judicial system. Civil servants are recruited through merit via open competitive exams.3) FRANCE It is a mixture of Republican as well as Parliamentary form ofgovt. President is the Chief executive and enthralls tremendous powers in the legislature as well as Parliament. Here the President is directly elected by the people.The Prime Minister is then chosen and appointed as per the Presidents wish from the Parliament.The Prime Minister has to enjoy the confidence of both the President and the Parliament in order to sustain his position.Executive is garbled from legislature and thus the President is not able to influence the executive much but still indirectly the PM has to go by him to enjoy his confidence because most of the times,the parliament and the president are from the same party. Civil services are of two types External recruitment and internal recruitment where outer recruitment is done through open competitive exams for graduates under 27 years of age and the internal recruitment is for people from the lower echelons of service having at least five years of service and not more than 36 years old. They are then chosen and trained at the Ecole Nationale Administration for two years.4) JAPAN The Constitution of Japan rests on three principles a) sovereignty of people , b) guarantee of Fundamental Rights, c) renunciation of war.The Emperor performs the role akin to Indian president. The Japanese people elect their r epresentatives to the Japanese Parliament called Diet which is bicameral that is, House of Councillors and the House Of Representatives. Both Houses share equal powers but the house of representatives has superiority in matters of finance. The prime minister is appointed by the prime minister from the Diet who heads the executive and also the Emperor appoints the chief judge of the supreme court.Grants are to be passed by the Diet and then only it is given to the executive. Local govt possess autonomy in its matters. People posses the right to choose their public officials as well as remove them. Civil services are of two types here a) Special govt service includes members of cabinet approved by the Diet like positions of high officials in Imperial Court,Judges,Ambassadors and Ministers,Diet employees,common labourers and employees of state corporations. b) Includes personnel of National govt.,administrative as well as clerical except the Special govt. services ones.DIFFERENCE BET WEEN res publica AND REPUBLICDemocracy and Republic are two forms of government which are distinguished by their treatment of the Minority, and the Individual, by the Majority.In a Democracy, the Majority has outright power over the Minority. This system of government does not provide a legal safeguard of the rights of the Individual and the Minority. It has been referred to as Majority over Man.In a Republic, the Majority is Limited and constrained by a written Constitution which protects the rights of the Individual and the Minority. The purpose of a Republic form of government is to control the Majority and to protect the God-given, inalienable rights and liberty of the Individual.The United States of America is founded as a Republic under the Constitution. The Ministers head Ministries with directors under them to carry out implementation and also to advise the Minister.CURRENT STATUS OF COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONAfter the decline of the comparative administration grou p (CAG) in the early 1970s,there was a lull in this field due to many factors like theoretical and fact base study was only done and so there was line of work in the applicability of those models and USA was going through a bad phase in the Vietnamese war and so funds had to be diverted,etc.However, it got a boost once again when scholars like Robert Dahl,James Cloeman,Rapheli,Dwight Waldo etc propagated it and stated that without comparison there can never be a science of administration. Also the behavioural indoctrinate of thought was bringing in a lot of attention to the fact and value theories of administrative man and so comparative public administration saying a resurgence. In the 80s and 90s studies in CPA resurfaced but with a new objective,philosophy and orientation than its previous predecessors and counterparts. It started to study various arrangements like RTI,Rule of uprightness,good governance,etc in different countries. It has recently started focusing itself on the analysis of such operations of administrative systems which affect functioning of varioussocieties.The following could be seen as the recent trends in the studies of Comparative Public Administration1) Studying the status of human rights in the nations of the problems associated with human rights. 2) Studying the status of Rule of Law and analysing the barriers if any. 3) Studying the presence of Civil Society Institutions and their role and contribution in the administrative arrangements of societies. 4) Studying the level of participation and involvement in the implementation of schemes tie in to welfare of people. 5) Studying the presence of arrangements through which accountability of politicians and administrators could be ensured towards the public through the mechanisms prescribed and available like RTI,Citizens charters,Ombudsman,Social Audit,etc.ECOLOGY AND ADMINISTRATIONEcology in simple words relates to Environment. And this purlieu includes physical,social and cu ltural aspects. So, basically we are going to talk about the relationship between administration and the environment it is set in(internal as well as external) and how the affect each other.Environment is the largest system,the rest and others like political systems,administrative systems,etc are all sub systems who work under it. It influences its sub systems and vice versa. They both have to adjust to each other and also reform and change each other from time to time to stay up to date where the peoples wishes drive the policies and the policies bring in development that uplifts the socio-economic status and level of the environment for progress. So they are interdependent and not in return exclusive of each other.Administration is seen as one of the most significant aspect of any societal arrangement as it makes possible the achievement of governmental function fulfilment. It has been observed that administration of any state happens to be an expression of various unique factors existing in society and is interdependant over other arrangements in the society that provides the stability of all structure in a society. Various scholars like George Orwell in their writings like Shooting an Elephant books have given case studies of how they have seen practically that the administrative systems in different parts of the world perform differently in order to suit the environment or ecology they are set in.The ecological approach to Public Administration was first propagated popularly by Fred W. Riggs who studied administrative systems in different countries( emphasis on developing countries) and why there was a vast amount of disconnect among them while applying the Americanised theories of Public Administration and how they coped up. He found that the main reason for this uniqueness of administrative systems in the world is the environment that they are set in. Each country had a different environment setting and that played a major role in the shaping of the ad ministrative system because without the help and approval of its people an administrative system cannot survive and thus it acts concord to its environment and in turn it also influences the society with its work and procedures.Max Weber projected an ideal system of bureaucracy where bureaucracy was shown as a closed system unaffected by the environment. A system which Weber assumed would be applicable and successful in all countries irrespective of its socio economic status and thats where he went wrong because we can very well see that the systems in USA and UK etc cannot be applied in an environment of India or any other developing countries.Weber did provide a very good structure for the organisation of bureaucracy but the part which he bemused as cited above was the starting ground for Riggs when he began his research on the relationship between ecology and administration. Ecology/Environment affects the administrative system both internally as well as externally.Internally i t affects when we take note that in actuality the administrator is a man of society and thus when he is pickings an administrative decision,he will definitely be influenced by his values,societal and cultural attitude,etc to quite an extent and that needs to be taken into account.Externally also the ecology/environment affects the administrative organisation by means of social values and rules,culture of the society,dependence on other important subsystems prevalent in the society,etc where the administration and politics have to be in context of the peoples wishes and demands and if they go against it will face a possibility of overthrow and revolt anytime.Therefore,one can very conveniently understand from the above mentioned,the delicate and crucial relationship between Ecology and Administration.RIGGSIAN archetypeS AND THEIR CRITIQUERiggs is considered the pioneer in the field of Ecological Approach to Public Administration. He stated that if studies of Public Administration ha d to become really comparative then it has to shift from being Normative(Establishing, relating to, or deriving from a standard or norm, esp. of behavior) to empirical (Based on, refer with, or verifiable by observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic), from Ideographic(case by case study and not connect to one another) to nomothetic(relating to the study or discovery of general scientific laws) and from non ecological(closed and confined to one area) to ecological(open and cross cultural).He blamed the import of developed countries administrative practices as it is by the developing countries for their progress without any study as the reason for its failure and the reason for developing countries still lagging behind.In his ecological studies he gave the concept of structural functional approach as a means to study the environment and administration relation. According to this approach every society has various structures that perform specific functions like polit ical,economic,social,symbolic and communicational functions in the society.On the basis of this approach he proceeded to study and listed twotheoretical models to explain the administrative systems in the comparative context. Those models are a) AGRARIA mannikin It is the Agricultural society and the characteristics are functional diffusion,particularistic norms,self sufficiency,ascriptive(The attribution of something to a cause) values,stable local groups and limited or no mobility,differentiated stratification. Agraria is agriculture rule society and Riggs takes China at the time for instance Imperial China. In Agrarian primordial preferences like caste and given priority. Occupational pattern is opinionated that is Agriculture and carries on for many generations.Very few administrative structures and their functions/duties were not at all specified. b) TRANSITIA MODEL It is the in between society. It is in between or lets use the term in transition between the Agraria and Ind ustria society and bears features resembling to both. It is on the path to become a developed society from an agricultural society. Examples are India,Thailand,etc. c) INDUSTRIA MODEL It refers to a developed or Industry dominated society. Its characteristics are Universalistic norms,Achievement values,specific patterns,high degree of social and spatial mobility,well-developed occupational system,egalitarian class system,prevalence of associations which are functionally specific and non ascriptive. USA is an example of this society.LIMITATIONS AND CRITIQUE OF RIGGS AGRARIA-TRANSITIA-INDUSTRIA MODEL 1) It does not help in examining the transitional societies and is too rigid focusing only on the underdeveloped and developed countries. 2) It does not provide sufficient mechanism to study mixed-type societies. Critics argue that the industrial societies will always retain or have some agrarian features. 3) It assumes a unidirectional movement from an agraria stage to an industria stage . 4) Its major stress is on the environment of the administrative system but not on the administrative system per se. 5) It is too general and abstract with little resemblance to concrete reality.Consequently Riggs abandoned this typology and proceeded to better it and that resulted in a new typology/model he designed which was the Fused-Prismatic-Diffracted Model.RIGGS offhand TYPOLOGY FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODELIt is the more improvised and specified version of his previous typology where the Fused society can be compared to the agrarian model,the prismatic society can be compared to the Transitia model and the Diffracted society can be compared to the Industria model.This Model was designed to silence those critics who stated that Riggs had not effectively and in detail specified the Transitia society which was very important as most of the world in in that phase.This model effectively detailed all of the typologies.The new model is based on the principle of a prism and ho w it diffracts fused colours of white light back into the seven colours of the spectrum when passed through it. White light represents a society with very less degree of specialisation and development and the diffracted spectrum reflects the highly specialised and developed society. The in between prismatic society is the transition society.He stated that uncomplete of the extreme sides exist in totality or as it is but yes,it is certain that they do but in varying degrees as suitable to the environment/ecology.First we will discuss the Fused and Diffracted model and then proceed to explain the Prismatic model. A good understanding of the Fused and Diffracted Model will only be the tool to understand the Prismatic Model features.FUSED MODEL(Ex- Imperial China and Thailand)1) Heavily dependent on agriculture.2) Economic system based on barter system.3) King and officials nominated by the king carry out all administrative,economic and other activities. 4) Royal family and special sec ts dominate.5) Ascriptive values dominate.6) Having many administrative structures that are part diffracted(perform special functions they are given charge of) and part fused ( many structures performing many functions which are not prescribed to them thus overlapping with the diffracted ones and confusing the system).DIFFRACTED MODEL1) It is the polar opposite of the fused society. Each structure carries out its own functions. 2) Attainment value in society.3) Economic system based on market mechanism(demand and supply) 4) Responsive government5) General consensus among all the people on all basic aspects of social life.PRISMATIC MODEL(Example India,Thailand,etc)1) In real no society is completely fused or completely diffracted. A prismatic society has achieved a certain degree of differentiation or specialisation. 2) heterogeneity Simultaneous existence of different kinds of system and viewpoints. Example rural-urban,Indian gurukuls western education,homoeopathic-allopathic. Va rious factors pulling the system apart. Political and administrative officers enjoy enormous influence. Privileges for select groups which may be communal thus creating problem in administration.3) Formalism(Excessive adherence to prescribed forms) Discrepancy between formally prescribed and effectively practiced norms. Rules and regulations are prescribed but wide deviations are observed. Lack of pressure on govt. for programme objectives. Weakness of social powers to influence bureaucratic performance. Hypocrisy in social life. Constitution formalism which means that there is a gap between stated principles and actual implementation. 4) Overlapping Differentiated structures coexist with undifferentiated structures of Fused type. New or modern social structures are created,but traditional social structures continue to dominate. Example Parliament,Govt,Offices exist but behaviour is still largely governed by family,religion,caste,etc.SUB-SYSTEMS OF THE PRISMATIC MODEL1) Administr ative subsystem which is called the SALA MODEL (The Spanish word, Sala, has a variety of meanings like a government office, religiousconference, a room, a pavilion, etc. The word, Sala, is also generally used in East Asian countries more or less with the same meaning.) a) Certain features of bureau ( diffracted ) coexists with certain features of chambers ( fused ). Formalism exists1.a. Universalizaiton of law is there but is not followed. 1.b. Objective is social welfare but priority is personal aggrandizement. b) Overlapping existsHighly concentrated authority structure overlaps with localized and disperse control system.c) Non cooperation among rival communities also reflects in administration. So favouritism and nepotism is widespread d) Existence of clects The dominant group who use modernmethods of organization but retains diffuse and particularistic goal of traditional type. e) For promotion officers depend on ascriptive ties . Officers unresponsive to people . Unbalanced p olity in which bureaucracy dominates exists. f) Nepotism, corruption and inefficiency.2) Economic subsystem which is also called the fair CANTEEN MODEL a) Market factors ( demand and supply ) as well as area factors ( religious, social, family) dominates the economy. b) This leads to price indeterminacy further deteriorating economic conditions encouraging black marketing, hoarding,adulteration etc.c) Foreign domination and a small section of people dominate economic institution. d) Price of services vary from place to place, time to time and person to person. e) Economic subsystem acts like subsidized canteen to priviledged & tributary canteen to members of less priviledged, politically non influential or members of outside group. f) Wage relation blanket(a) gap exists for same work. Persons with less wage may feel motivated to earn more by illegitimate means.DEVELOPMENT MODELRising level of diffraction represents development. Higher the level of differentiation ( various structu res for various functions ) and integration (coexistence of these structures ),higher the development.If differentiation is high but no sufficient integrative mechanism , it leads to confusion and chaos. distinction depends upon technological factors.Integration depends upon 1.a. Penetration receptivity of law andgovt. willingness and ability. 1.b. Participation willingness of people to participate.CRITICISM OF RIGGS FUSED-PRISMATIC-DIFFRACTED MODEL1) Usage of scientific words does not make administration science. 2) It has highly technical description3) Prismatic and sala models are equilibrium models and does not lead to social change. 4) Lack of measurement of level of diffraction in prismatic or diffracted society. 5) Diffracted society is also not desirable because it is static and in equilibrium. 6) Difficult to identify the level of differentiation and integration for development. 7) Lack of international perspective.8)Wrong analytical tool.9) Fails to explain the role of administration in society.10) Overlapping is not specific phenomena of prismatic society but exists in diffracted society also. 11) Prismatic model has a negative character. disregarding of the criticism Riggs attracted there is no denying that he set the table and standards for Comparative Public Administration and got to the root of the failure of Americanised and Europised Public Administration practices failing in developing countries, through his important paradigm called The Ecological approach to Public Administration,and also suggested the issues that plague the developing countries and how to rectify them.

Meaning of Life and Br Essay

Fabio stagnate and Gabriel Ba illustrated a story through comics that represent different moods and seeings in a series titled Daytripper. tell apartdian books argon a form of art, and they provide the reader with a broad spectrum of topics. Artist express the world through colors, symbols, and themes to show feelings, thoughts, and ideas and this can be make through various forms of art, which includes comic books. The illustrations in comic books help to convey the meaning of the story. In Daytripper, Moon and Ba describe Bras de Oliva Domingos life and how choices create outcomes both(prenominal) good and bad.At a young age Bras believes that anything is possible, and angiotensin converting enzyme never knows what is in store for him at the end. His philosophy in life are the same principles as in fishing as one casts a line the excitement builds because one never knows what is on the end of the line. Water is reoccurring in the story, and it symbolizes Bras de Oliva Doming os struggles to stay above pee through his sea of memories of his life. In the beginning, Bras feels there are no boundaries and one can explore as many an(prenominal) opportunities life has to offer.Lifes daily decisions shape the outcomes both good and bad. The purpose is to learn from ones past decisions and make changes improve our relationships and to be content with our lives in the end. The main character has ample opportunity to make changes along his journey for he experiences death at each phase of his life. Bras discovers unceasing possibilities from the seas from Iemanja, the spirit of the waters, in a dream they are riding in a boat through rough seas being tossed around with baskets that represent wishes and desires.Moon and Ba illustrate how in Bras dreams his lifes goals are laid out as he wishes. Just as water flows in and out, Bras dreams come in and out each night in his sleep. Bras flows through life just like water flows in and out never knowing where it pro vide end up. Rougher waves represent new opportunities that continuously arise, but if one waits to long to take advantage of the opportunity then the waves may carry away the opportunity. As waves are continuously moving new chances volition be present time and time again. Bras misses many opportunities because he is not willing to go by and by his dreams (203).His dreams tell him time is running out, and he needs to make the most of his opportunities. Each dream ends with wake up before its too slowly (203). Bras dreams about his possibilities and wishes he could take a chance to change his life, but he never does. Bras is just an observer in his dreams watching as the water passes by carrying the baskets. The dark colors and spirit of the waters are a main part of the artwork in the comic. Bras has responsibilities to his job and his wife, and he is content with both just cruising through each day.His life is similar to the ocean how the waves move along to the shore and effor tlessly move back out to sea. He learns lessons along the way which he has no control and finds his wife frustrated with him from living a content and everyday life. Illustrations show water running full firing when they are not doing dishes or running any water. She later clinches the sink that is overflowing with water because Bras does not understand their life has joy and love. She wants her life to be less stressful so that the sink will stop overflowing. Just by Braslistening to his wife the water pressure will lessen, and the sink will not fill as quickly. Bras turns a deaf ear and does not listen, and the water just flows over the kitchen sink onto the floor. The overflow of water represents her stress, and he comes to visualise he can help decrease the stress by making a few simple changes. She keeps trying to explain to him she cannot do it all on her own while he just sits there and listens. The overflow of water represents the burdens she feels by their life and needs Bras help to alleviate some of the daily pressures from her.As she pours him tea, the water flows up to the dining room table, and he finally understands her frustration over his laziness. At this point, Bras realizes by helping his family they will not be so overwhelmed and the water will stop overflowing. Just as the seas calm at times, Bras too feels tranquility at the end of his life. One late night he steps in the ocean and stares at the sky as it changes from dark and ordinary to a burst of stars symbolizing the calmness of the night. The peacefulness of the water helps Bras feel satisfied with his life.He feels at peace with his relationships with his dad, wife, and son. He smiles as he looks out on the calm ocean accepting his final destiny to be swept away by the sea. He stands in the water thinking for a long time accepting his fate, and the calm water represents he is at harmony with his life. The reader is left to complete his fate, which may just be Bras swimming out as far as he can until he the water carries him out to sea. The story connects water and life as a cycle that is continuously flowing. Water represents constant change just as ones life changes through the years.Psychiatrists have used water for years as a representation of ones mind because the deeper you go the to a greater extent problems one may see. The ocean represents power and strength and people have the same characteristics. Every day we make choices and some outcomes can be predicted and others cannot. The truelove of the ocean is the unknown and change and how the meaning relates to life. One can change their behavior and possibly the outcome may change. It all is part of the cycle of life. full treatment Cited Moon, Fabio and Gabriel Ba. Daytripper. New York DC Comics, 2011.